In kidney failure the filtration capability of the kidney is lost. There are various reasons for the kidney failure
The nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney. The kidney consists of proximal convoluted kidney, distal convoluted kidney, collecting duct. A nephron consists of the two parts namely the corpuscles and tubules. The tubules aids the kidney in monitoring the passasges of fluids and chemicals. The tubules includes the distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle and the collecting duct. The cortex is the outer covering structure of the kidney. It leads to medulla where the renal pyramids are located. The renal pyramids consists of collecting ducts
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Fatigue and weakness
Sleep problems
Changes in how much you urinate
Decreased mental sharpness
Muscle twitches and cramps
Swelling of feet and ankles
Persistent itching
Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
The different stages of CKD form a continuum. The stages of CKD are classified as follows [3]
Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (>90 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 3a: Moderate reduction in GFR (45-59 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 3b: Moderate reduction in GFR (30-44 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 4: Severe reduction in GFR (15-29 mL/min/1.73 m 2)
Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or dialysis)
Diagnosis:
Tests and procedures used to diagnose bladder cancer may include:
It is the small, narrow tube (cystoscope) through the urethra. The cystoscope has a lens and also it emits light and what happens in the inside of your urethra and bladder, to examine these structures for signs of disease.
Biopsy:
It is the procedure of removing the tissue from the kidney
In cystoscopic procedure , it has some specialized tool through which the scope and into your bladder to collect a cell sample (biopsy) .
Examining a urine sample (urine cytology). A sample of your urine is analyzed under a microscope to check for cancer cells in a procedure called urine cytology.
During a CT urogram, a contrast dye is injected intravenously by the hand and eventually flows into your kidneys, ureters and bladder. X-ray images taken during the test provide a detailed view of your urinary tract
Retrograde pyelogram is an X-ray exam used to get a detailed look at the upper urinary tract. The threads a thin tube (catheter) through your urethra and into your bladder to inject contrast dye into your ureters. The dye then flows into your kidneys while X-ray images are captured.
After determining the above mentioned test the doctor might suggest the following diagnostic test:
Tests may include:
certain cases, the following tests may be ordered as part of the evaluation of patients with CKD:
Urinalysis:
The urine dipstick method is used to evaluate the presence of chronic kidney disease. The patient is asked to investigate the presence of proteinuria. There is also presence albumin specific dipstick method to detect the presence of albumin the urine. Urine sediments suggestive of red blood cells and RBC casts suggest of proliferative glomerulonephritis.
Avoid products that are abundance in salt
Take lower potassium diet
Limit the amount of the protein intake